--- title: "5G and mobile core testing: UPF, AMF, IMS | TEST4NET" description: "5G core, EPC, IMS and private 5G tested with emulated RAN and subscribers: registration rates, session scale, UPF throughput, restarts with sessions in flight" image: https://test4net.com/hubfs/og/solutions-5g-mobile-core.png --- [Skip to content](https://test4net.com/solutions/5g-mobile-core#main-content) [![TEST4NET](https://test4net.com/hubfs/test4net-logo-fixed-2.svg)](https://test4net.com/?hsLang=en) - Services - Products - Resources - Company [News](https://test4net.com/news?hsLang=en) [Login](https://lab.test4net.com) [Support](https://test4net.com/support?hsLang=en) What we test By technology Industries [Load & Performance Testing Throughput, sessions and latency up to and past the rated limit](https://test4net.com/services/load-performance-testing?hsLang=en) [Functional & Conformance Testing Features against the spec, RFC compliance with evidence](https://test4net.com/services/functional-conformance-testing?hsLang=en) [Interoperability Testing Multi-vendor behaviour, before it reaches production](https://test4net.com/services#interop) [Security & Resilience Testing NGFW, IPS and VPN efficacy and performance with threats on the wire](https://test4net.com/services/security-resilience-testing?hsLang=en) [Test Plan & Methodology Design What to test, how, and what counts as a pass](https://test4net.com/services/test-plan-design?hsLang=en) [Test Automation & CI/CD Regression suites wired into your release pipeline](https://test4net.com/services#automation) [Training Programs Hands-on courses for your test engineers](https://test4net.com/services#training) [Equipment Repair Diagnostics and repair of test equipment](https://test4net.com/services#repair) [All services](https://test4net.com/services?hsLang=en) [Routing & Switching RFC 2544 and RFC 2889 on real ports, 1G to 100G](https://test4net.com/solutions/routing-switching?hsLang=en) [Firewalls & NGFW RFC 9411 throughput with inspection switched on](https://test4net.com/solutions/firewalls-ngfw?hsLang=en) [SD-WAN & WAN Path selection and QoS under emulated WAN conditions](https://test4net.com/solutions/sd-wan?hsLang=en) [Cloud & NFV Virtual appliances and cloud services under load](https://test4net.com/solutions/cloud-nfv?hsLang=en) [5G & Mobile Core Transport and core functions under subscriber traffic](https://test4net.com/solutions/5g-mobile-core?hsLang=en) [Wi-Fi Wi-Fi 6 clients and access points, Wi-Fi 7 in progress](https://test4net.com/solutions/wi-fi?hsLang=en) [Storage & Infrastructure Storage networks and servers under realistic I/O](https://test4net.com/solutions/storage?hsLang=en) [AI / Switching Fabric (RoCEv2) Lossless Ethernet for GPU clusters: PFC, ECN, fabric load](https://test4net.com/solutions/ai-fabric-rocev2?hsLang=en) All technologies [Telecom Operators Pre-deployment acceptance and vendor comparison](https://test4net.com/solutions/industries#telecom) [Network & Security Vendors Independent validation of your product claims](https://test4net.com/solutions/industries#vendors) [System Integrators Proof for the customer before the rollout](https://test4net.com/solutions/industries#integrators) [Enterprise & Banks Upgrades and new platforms checked before production](https://test4net.com/solutions/industries#enterprise) [All industries](https://test4net.com/solutions/industries?hsLang=en) Not sure where to start? 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The report shows what each function holds with your profiles and your timers, in numbers the vendor, the integrator and your core team read the same way. [Request a test plan](https://test4net.com/solutions/5g-mobile-core#lead-form) [See the function classes](https://test4net.com/solutions/5g-mobile-core#classes) **Sessions that still forward as they go active** UPF with traffic on every session. Same ramp before and after tuning 050100 FORWARDED, % 0255075100125 ACTIVE SESSIONS, % OF DESIGN design Delivered config · 78 % 108 % Delivered config Tuned config, day 6 - **10G · 100G**N3, N6, S1-U and SGi on the bench - **Your profiles**subscribers, slices and timers from your network - **From 2 weeks**for a run - **1–3 days**test plan and quote When the number is needed ## Three moments in a core project when the datasheet stops being an answer A datasheet gives sessions held by an idle function with default timers. Each moment below asks what the function does with your subscriber profiles, your traffic mix and a restart at the wrong time. 1. 1 ### Shortlist Tender, 2–3 vendors Every candidate core, UPF or IMS runs the same registration, session and throughput cases with the same emulated RAN and subscribers. Vendors see the plan before the run and the numbers after it. Ranked table per KPI, scale limit per vendor, 4–6 weeks for 3 candidates 2. 2 ### Acceptance Before the first subscribers The delivered functions with the production config: slices, QoS profiles, timers, policies and the dimensioning from your design. Measured against the design targets with your traffic mix, before the migration window opens. Signed report with pass and fail per case, config exports, from 2 weeks 3. 3 ### Change Software release or new slice The acceptance cases run again on the new release, the new UPF site or the new slice profile. What moved, by how much, and whether the function still clears the targets it cleared last time. Diff per KPI against the last run, 3–5 business days What we test ## Five function classes, and the numbers each one has to show The bench is the same, the emulated traffic and the pass criteria are not. The table is the starting point of the plan; your dimensioning and your subscriber profiles set the targets. | Function class | Numbers in the report | Traffic and config on the bench | Typical size | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 01UPF and user plane | N3 to N6 throughput and latency per session class, sessions before loss, pps per core, QoS flows | Emulated gNBs with GTP-U, eMBB, URLLC and mMTC from your mix, 10G to 100G, sessions ramped live | Sessions from your dimensioning, 10G–100G | | 02Control plane: AMF, SMF or MME, SGW-C | Registrations and PDU setups per second, setup time p95, mobility success, sessions kept on restart | Emulated UEs and RAN with your timers and slices, a storm after a RAN outage, a function restart | Rates from your busy hour and outage plan | | 03IMS core and VoLTE, VoNR | Registrations and calls per second, call setup time and success rate, media quality per codec | Emulated subscribers with SIP and RTP, your codec mix, calls through a loaded user plane | Registration and call rates from your traffic model | | 04Transport: fronthaul, midhaul, backhaul | Throughput, latency and jitter per class, sync, loss window on link failure, QoS kept end to end | Routers and switches between emulated RAN and core, GTP-U at 10G to 100G, link failures under load | 8–32 ports, 10G and 100G | | 05Private 5G and LTE core | Device registrations, throughput per cell, control latency, behaviour on WAN loss to the centre | Compact core on the bench or in your rack, industrial traffic profiles, WAN emulator to the centre | Device count of the site, 1G–10G | Any vendor, physical or cloud-native. Mobile core and IMS emulation runs on partner test systems in CloudLAB; the tool behind each test is listed in the report. The bench around one core under test Emulated RAN gNB, eNB · N2, N3, S1 Subscribers attach, sessions, mobility AMF · SMFUPF · user plane Core under test your slices, QoS, timers Data network N6, SGi · app servers Config, counters session table, CPU, KPIs FUNCTION RESTART ON PURPOSE registration rate · setup time UP throughput · latency Around the core ## What sits on each side of the core while it is measured A session count only means something with the right things around the function: the RAN that brings the subscribers, the traffic mix they will carry, and the restart that happens on a bad day 1. ### Subscribers from your network Subscriber count, slice and QoS profile mix, attach pattern per hour and traffic per session class from your statistics. The bench emulates them, so the result holds for your network, not for an average one. 2. ### Your config, line by line Timers, slices, QoS flows, policies and dimensioning from your export. The report shows which setting each session limit or setup delay traces back to. 3. ### Failures with sessions in flight Function restart, site loss, N3 or S1 link down, a RAN outage followed by a storm. Each one with the session table loaded and traffic on every session, timed from the last packet to the first one back. Typical scenario ## A UPF that meets its datasheet, a datasheet that counts idle sessions, and loss at 78 % of the design An operator hands over a new UPF pair for acceptance. With idle sessions the pair holds the datasheet count. With traffic on every session, forwarding breaks at 78 % of the design count. The counters point at one core carrying the GTP-U hashing. The vendor changes the flow distribution and the queue mapping; on day 6 the same ramp holds 108 % of the design with traffic on every session. 78 % → 108 % of the design session count, active with traffic, before loss 93% of 100G on N3 to N6 at 1,400 bytes, table loaded 11 days from the first registration to the signed report Composite scenario from projects of this type. Numbers are realistic and not from one client. Active sessions before loss, % of design Delivered config Tuned config, day 6 78 % 108 % Design 100 % 0255075100125 below the design clears the design What you take away ## Four numbers that end the argument, and the table they live in The report is built for the meeting after the test: the vendor, the integrator and your core team read the same table, with the pass band from the design next to the measured value Each number comes with its evidence: emulator statistics, session table and CPU counters from the function, captures on N3 and N6 and the config export of the run Rates Registrations, PDU sessions and calls per second with setup time at p95, measured through a storm, not one attach at a time Scale Active sessions, subscribers and calls where the function stops or slows, so the dimensioning has a ceiling with a margin, not a datasheet maximum User plane Throughput and latency per session class on N3 to N6 with the session table loaded, at 10G to 100G, not on an empty UPF Resilience Sessions kept and loss window per failure type, restart, site loss, link down, with traffic on every session, and the config lines behind each failed case ACC-UPF-02 Acceptance, UPF pair Rerun, day 6 ### Result table, 6 of 18 cases | KPI | Pass band | Measured | Result | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Registrations per second after RAN outage, % of design rate | ≥ 100 % | 120 % | Pass | | PDU session setup time, p95 | ≤ 300 ms | 210 ms | Pass | | Active sessions with traffic on each, % of design | ≥ 100 % | 108 % | Pass | | N3 to N6 at 100G, 1,400 bytes | ≥ 90% | 93% | Pass | | UPF latency, URLLC flows, p99 | ≤ 2 ms | 1.4 ms | Pass | | SMF restart, sessions kept | 100% | 99.6% | Pass with a note | Where it runs ## The CloudLAB bench, and the pages behind this one Functions ship to the CloudLAB rack in Armenia or run as VMs and containers on the bench hypervisor; cloud-native cores run in your tenant with the bench connected to it. RAN, subscribers and IMS traffic come from emulators on the bench, L2-3 ports at 1G to 100G and L4-7 engines at 200G and above. You watch the run through the browser with an engineer on every session. [How a load run goes, step by step](https://test4net.com/services/load-performance-testing?hsLang=en) [Protocol conformance: GTP, NAS, Diameter, SIP](https://test4net.com/services/functional-conformance-testing?hsLang=en) [Cloud and NFV: the hosts under the functions](https://test4net.com/solutions/cloud-nfv?hsLang=en) [CloudLAB: how the bench works](https://test4net.com/cloudlab?hsLang=en) ### Related reading - [BlogOpen RAN 2026: what operators test in multi-vendor networks](https://test4net.com/blog/open-ran-testing-multi-vendor-networks-2026?hsLang=en) - [BlogCalnex + VIAVI: emulator and traffic generator in one rig](https://test4net.com/blog/calnex-viavi-network-emulation-traffic-generation?hsLang=en) - [Blog387 network outages in a week: cloud incidents up 81%](https://test4net.com/blog/network-outage-report-october-2026-387-incidents-a-week?hsLang=en) - [BlogVIAVI State of the Network 2027: 58% test before deployment](https://test4net.com/blog/viavi-state-of-the-network-2027-58-percent-test-before-deployment?hsLang=en) Before the brief ## What core teams ask first Which functions and vendors can you test? Any vendor, physical or cloud-native: 5G core and EPC functions (AMF, SMF, UPF, MME, SGW, PGW), IMS cores, private 5G and LTE cores, and the transport routers and switches between RAN and core. The function comes to the rack, runs on the bench hypervisor or stays in your tenant with the bench connected to it. Is it tested with our subscriber profiles and our config? Yes. Subscriber count, slice and QoS mix, attach pattern and traffic per session class come from your statistics; timers, slices, policies and dimensioning come from an anonymised export. A vendor engineer can sit in on the run. How is the scale of a run set? From your dimensioning. Subscribers, sessions, registration and call rates go into the plan with a margin and are checked on the bench before the run; N3 and N6 traffic runs at 10G to 100G. The report shows each figure as a share of the design, next to where the function stopped. What about roaming, interworking and handovers? Handovers between emulated cells, 4G to 5G interworking over N26, EPC fallback for voice and roaming over emulated partner networks are run as mobility cases: the subscriber moves while traffic runs, and the report shows session continuity, setup time and loss per move. Do you also test the hosts and the cloud under the core? Yes, as a separate area or in the same plan: the hypervisor or Kubernetes cluster, the SR-IOV or DPDK data path, storage and the overlay network. A UPF that loses sessions on a host restart is a platform finding as often as a software one; the plan separates the two. How long does it take and what do we get? Test plan and quote in 1–3 business days after the brief. A run takes from 2 weeks for one function role and 4–6 weeks for a shortlist of 3 candidates or a full core. You get the signed report with every case, the emulator statistics, counters and captures, and the config exports of each run. ## Send the functions, the subscriber profiles and the dimensioning. The plan comes back in 1–3 business days. No prices on the site: scope first, then the quote. The vendor and the integrator can sit in on the brief. [Request a test plan](https://test4net.com/solutions/5g-mobile-core#lead-form) [How the bench works](https://test4net.com/cloudlab?hsLang=en) Send the shortlist ## You have the method. Now get the numbers. Name the models and the KPIs that matter. An engineer replies within one business day with a test plan draft and a quote. Prefer to chat? [Message an engineer on WhatsApp](https://wa.me/37491612709) We use what you send only to answer you. See our [Privacy Policy](https://test4net.com/privacy-policy?hsLang=en). 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The report shows what each function holds with your profiles and your timers, in numbers the vendor, the integrator and your core team read the same way.", "isPartOf" : { "@type" : "WebPage", "url" : "https://test4net.com/services" }, "name" : "5G and mobile core", "provider" : { "@type" : "Organization", "name" : "TEST4NET", "url" : "https://test4net.com/" }, "serviceType" : "5G and mobile core testing: registration and PDU session rates, UPF throughput and latency, IMS and VoLTE, private 5G, transport, failover with sessions in flight", "url" : "https://test4net.com/solutions/5g-mobile-core" } ``` ```json { "@context" : "https://schema.org", "@type" : "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement" : [ { "@type" : "ListItem", "item" : "https://test4net.com/services", "name" : "Services", "position" : 1 }, { "@type" : "ListItem", "item" : "https://test4net.com/solutions/5g-mobile-core", "name" : "5G and mobile core", "position" : 2 } ] } ``` ```json { "@context" : "https://schema.org", "@type" : "FAQPage", "mainEntity" : [ { "@type" : "Question", "acceptedAnswer" : { "@type" : "Answer", "text" : "Any vendor, physical or cloud-native: 5G core and EPC functions (AMF, SMF, UPF, MME, SGW, PGW), IMS cores, private 5G and LTE cores, and the transport routers and switches between RAN and core. The function comes to the rack, runs on the bench hypervisor or stays in your tenant with the bench connected to it." }, "name" : "Which functions and vendors can you test?" }, { "@type" : "Question", "acceptedAnswer" : { "@type" : "Answer", "text" : "Yes. Subscriber count, slice and QoS mix, attach pattern and traffic per session class come from your statistics; timers, slices, policies and dimensioning come from an anonymised export. A vendor engineer can sit in on the run." }, "name" : "Is it tested with our subscriber profiles and our config?" }, { "@type" : "Question", "acceptedAnswer" : { "@type" : "Answer", "text" : "From your dimensioning. Subscribers, sessions, registration and call rates go into the plan with a margin and are checked on the bench before the run; N3 and N6 traffic runs at 10G to 100G. The report shows each figure as a share of the design, next to where the function stopped." }, "name" : "How is the scale of a run set?" }, { "@type" : "Question", "acceptedAnswer" : { "@type" : "Answer", "text" : "Handovers between emulated cells, 4G to 5G interworking over N26, EPC fallback for voice and roaming over emulated partner networks are run as mobility cases: the subscriber moves while traffic runs, and the report shows session continuity, setup time and loss per move." }, "name" : "What about roaming, interworking and handovers?" }, { "@type" : "Question", "acceptedAnswer" : { "@type" : "Answer", "text" : "Yes, as a separate area or in the same plan: the hypervisor or Kubernetes cluster, the SR-IOV or DPDK data path, storage and the overlay network. A UPF that loses sessions on a host restart is a platform finding as often as a software one; the plan separates the two." }, "name" : "Do you also test the hosts and the cloud under the core?" }, { "@type" : "Question", "acceptedAnswer" : { "@type" : "Answer", "text" : "Test plan and quote in 1–3 business days after the brief. A run takes from 2 weeks for one function role and 4–6 weeks for a shortlist of 3 candidates or a full core. You get the signed report with every case, the emulator statistics, counters and captures, and the config exports of each run." }, "name" : "How long does it take and what do we get?" } ] } ```