---
title: Load and Performance Testing of Network Devices | TEST4NET
description: "Independent load tests of routers, switches, firewalls and VMs: RFC 2544, RFC 2889 and RFC 9411 on 1G to 100G ports. Test plan and quote in 1–3 business days."
---

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[RFC 2544 Throughput, latency, frame loss and back-to-back](https://test4net.com/methodologies/rfc-2544?hsLang=en) [RFC 2889 LAN switch benchmarking: forwarding, MAC learning, congestion](https://test4net.com/methodologies/rfc-2889?hsLang=en) [RFC 9411 / RFC 3511 Firewall and NGFW performance benchmarking](https://test4net.com/methodologies/rfc-9411-rfc-3511?hsLang=en)

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[Services](https://test4net.com/services?hsLang=en) / Load and performance testing

Service 01 of 8

# Where your device really stops

We load routers, switches, firewalls and virtual appliances up to and past the rated limit in CloudLAB: RFC 2544 and RFC 2889 on 1G to 100G ports, RFC 9411 with inspection on, stateful application traffic at 200 Gbit/s and more. A run takes from 1 week. The report holds every measured value, the pass or fail per test and the tool behind each number. The test plan and the quote come within 1–3 business days.

[Request a test plan](https://test4net.com/services/load-performance-testing#lead-form) [What we measure](https://test4net.com/services/load-performance-testing#metrics)

**Throughput by frame size, one 100G port pair** RFC 2544 zero-loss rate, 3 trials of 60 s per size. Representative result. 

0 25 50 75 100 64 128 256 512 1024 1280 1518 Frame size, bytes Gbit/s Datasheet: 100 Gbit/s at any frame size 41 63 84 96 100 Measured, zero loss

At 64 bytes the device forwards 41 Gbit/s. The datasheet figure holds from 1024 bytes up.

- **1G · 10G · 100G**ports on the bench
- **200 Gbit/s+**stateful L4‑7 traffic
- **From 1 week**for a run
- **1–3 days**test plan and quote

Vendor lab Device 1 port pair Frames 1518 bytes, every one of them Inspection off Duration 60 s Your network Device 48 ports, all of them busy Frames 64 to 1518 bytes, half of them small Inspection 12 on Duration 24 hours a day

The gap

## Why the datasheet number is not your number

The vendor measures under the conditions that give the largest figure. Your network runs under the conditions you have. The 3 differences below explain most of the gap we see.

1. ### Frame size
   
   Datasheets quote 1518-byte frames or an IMIX of the vendor’s choice. In a real mix 40–60% of packets are under 128 bytes, and that is where the forwarding engine runs out of packets per second.
2. ### Features on
   
   A firewall measured with inspection off forwards 5–10 times more than the same box with IPS, application control and TLS decryption on. Your policy has all of them.
3. ### Ports and duration
   
   A 60-second run on 1 port pair says little about 48 ports at 80% load for 24 hours. Buffers, CPU heat and route churn show up later.

What we measure

## 7 measurements, each with its method

Every row has a standard or a written procedure behind it, so anybody with the same tools can repeat the number in the report.

| Measurement | Method | Load profile | In the report |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1Throughput, zero loss | RFC 2544 §26.1, binary search to ±0.1% of line rate | 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 1280, 1518 and 9000-byte frames, 3 trials of 60 s each | Gbit/s and frames/s per frame size, against the datasheet |
| 2Latency and jitter | RFC 2544 §26.2 at the zero-loss rate, store-and-forward or cut-through as the device works | 20 trials per frame size, tagged frames in a stream at the measured rate | Minimum, average and maximum in µs, jitter per frame size |
| 3Frame loss | RFC 2544 §26.3 | 110%, 100%, 90% of line rate and down until 2 consecutive zero-loss points | Loss curve and the load where loss begins |
| 4Back-to-back frames | RFC 2544 §26.4 | Bursts at line rate, 50 trials per frame size | Longest burst with zero loss, buffer depth in frames |
| 5Connections per second, concurrent sessions | RFC 9411 §7.2, §7.5, §7.6 and §7.9, TCP, HTTP and HTTPS | Ramp in steps of 1,000 CPS to failure, 5 min sustain at each step | CPS, maximum concurrent sessions, CPU and memory at the limit |
| 6Application throughput with inspection | RFC 9411 §7.1, §7.3 and §7.7, HTTP and HTTPS mix, TLS 1.2 and 1.3 | Object sizes 1 KB to 512 KB, your policy with IPS, application control, AV and decryption on | Gbit/s per feature set and the cost of every feature in % |
| 7Convergence and soak | Route withdraw and link failure with 1M BGP routes, then a 24-hour run at 80% of the measured limit | 10 failovers, 24 h of mixed traffic | Convergence in ms, drift of throughput and latency over 24 h |

Section numbers refer to RFC 2544 and RFC 9411. A test you need and do not see here goes into the plan as a written procedure.

How we find the limit

## 7 trials of 60 seconds give a number to ±0.1%

A throughput search starts at line rate and halves the step after every pass or fail. The result is the highest load with zero loss, confirmed 3 times, with the loss counters of every trial kept as evidence.

7

trials per frame size to land within 0.1% of line rate

60 s

per trial, 120 s where the device learns addresses first

3×

the result is repeated before it goes into the report

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% Trial 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Offered load, % of line rate 100%, loss 50%, pass 75%, pass 87.5%, loss 81.3%, pass 84.4%, pass 85.9%, loss Result: 84.4% of line rate, zero loss

### A typical 100G switch project on the calendar

Day 0 Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Brief and NDA Test plan and quote Device in the lab, baseline run Full matrix and 24-hour soak Report, debrief and retest device on its way to the lab 24 h soak retest

1. Day 0Brief and NDA
2. Days 1–3Test plan and quote
3. Week 1Device in the lab, baseline run
4. Week 2Full matrix and 24-hour soak
5. Week 3Report, debrief and retest

A firewall with the full RFC 9411 matrix adds a week. The retest after your fix is inside the scope.

By device type

## What we load, device by device

The method follows the device. The links lead to the written methodology or to the part of the bench that carries the test.

- ### Routers and switches
  
  Forwarding at 1G to 100G, MAC and route scale, congestion behaviour, convergence after a link failure.

    - RFC 2544
    - RFC 2889
    - 1M BGP routes
  
  [RFC 2544 method](https://test4net.com/methodologies/rfc-2544?hsLang=en)[RFC 2889 method](https://test4net.com/methodologies/rfc-2889?hsLang=en)
- ### Firewalls and NGFW
  
  Throughput, connections per second and sessions with your policy: IPS, application control, AV and TLS decryption on.

    - RFC 9411
    - TLS 1.3
    - Your policy
  
  [RFC 9411 method](https://test4net.com/methodologies/rfc-9411-rfc-3511?hsLang=en)[Security tests](https://test4net.com/services#security)
- ### SD-WAN appliances
  
  Tunnel throughput and path selection with 20–200 ms of delay, 0.1–2% loss and jitter on the emulated WAN links.

    - WAN emulation
    - IPsec
    - QoS
  
  [WAN emulation on the bench](https://test4net.com/services#bench)
- ### Load balancers and proxies
  
  TLS handshakes per second, concurrent connections and latency under a mix of object sizes from 1 KB to 512 KB.

    - CPS
    - TLS handshakes
    - HTTP/2
  
  [Request a test plan](https://test4net.com/services/load-performance-testing#lead-form)
- ### Wi-Fi access points
  
  Throughput per client and in total with 10 to 200 clients, Wi-Fi 6 today, Wi-Fi 7 in progress.

    - Wi-Fi 6
    - 200 clients
    - Roaming
  
  [Wi-Fi bench](https://test4net.com/services#bench)
- ### Virtual appliances and cloud
  
  The same tests on a VM in our lab or in your cloud: scaling by vCPU, DPDK against kernel forwarding.

    - VM upload
    - vCPU scaling
    - Cloud agents
  
  [Hosted device and VM](https://test4net.com/services#bench)

Typical scenario

## A 48×25G switch passes throughput and fails on latency

An operator chose a leaf switch for the data-centre edge. Throughput at 64 bytes was 100% of line rate on all 56 ports. Latency stayed at 1.2 µs up to 70% load, then rose to 38 µs once microbursts were in the mix: the shared buffer was smaller than the datasheet suggested. The operator kept the switch for the access tier and took a deep-buffer model for the edge.

56

ports under load, 48×25G and 8×100G

32×

latency growth between 70% and 80% load with microbursts

2 weeks

from the device arriving to the report

Composite scenario with representative numbers. Clients are under NDA and are never named.

40 30 20 10 0 10% 40% 70% 100% Offered load, % of line rate on all 56 ports Latency, µs Knee at 70% load 38 µs at 80% 1.2 µs With microbursts in the mix Unicast only

What you hold at the end

## A report your manager reads in 2 pages and your engineer in 40

Every number comes with the method, the tool, the configuration and the raw file behind it. The retest after your fix goes into the same report.

### Formats

PDF report, XLSX with every raw value, generator exports and captures on request. Your engineers watch the runs in a browser while they happen.

[How a project runs, step by step](https://test4net.com/services#how)

Contents of a typical report

1. Summary for the decision maker**2**
2. Device, firmware and configuration under test**4**
3. Test bed, tools and their versions**6**
4. Results per test with pass or fail against the plan**8**
5. Charts: throughput, latency and loss by frame size**21**
6. Deviations found and the vendor’s answers**30**
7. Retest after the fix**34**
8. Raw files: generator exports, configurations, captures**A**

The bench

## Commercial generators and our own, named in the report

Load comes from commercial traffic generators and from the generator we build ourselves, on 1G to 100G ports and at 200 Gbit/s and more of stateful traffic. The report names the tool, the version and the configuration behind every value. We do not base a decision on a free generator.

[The whole bench](https://test4net.com/services#bench) [CloudLAB portal](https://lab.test4net.com/)

Questions before the brief

## What buyers ask about load tests

How long does a load test take?

A run takes from 1 week for a switch or router on RFC 2544 and RFC 2889, and 2 weeks for a firewall with the full RFC 9411 matrix and a 24-hour soak. The test plan and the quote come within 1–3 business days of the brief.

Can you test at 25G, 40G or 400G?

The bench holds 1G, 10G and 100G ports. 25G and 40G run as breakout from 100G where the device supports it. Native 400G is not on the bench today, and we say so before the quote.

Which frame sizes and traffic mixes do you use?

RFC 2544 sizes from 64 to 1518 bytes plus 9000-byte jumbo frames, an IMIX of your choice or ours (7:4:1 of 64, 570 and 1518 bytes), and for L4-7 an HTTP and HTTPS mix with object sizes from 1 KB to 512 KB. A capture from your network can define the mix.

Do we get the raw data?

Yes. Generator exports, device configurations, logs and captures go with the report, so your engineers can check every value themselves.

What happens if the device fails a test?

The report says where and by how much. You take the findings to the vendor, and the retest after the fix is part of the scope: 3 days for a switch, up to a week for a firewall.

Do you run load tests on free generators?

No. Load comes from commercial generators and from the generator we build. A number you sign a purchase on needs per-flow loss counters and hardware timestamps; a free tool is fine for a smoke test and nothing more.

## Send the device model and the question

Test plan and quote within 1–3 business days. NDA first if you need one.

[Request a test plan](https://test4net.com/services/load-performance-testing#lead-form) [All services](https://test4net.com/services?hsLang=en)

Send the shortlist

## You have the method. Now get the numbers.

Send the shortlist and the KPIs that matter. An engineer replies within one business day with a test plan draft and a quote.

Prefer to chat? [Message an engineer on WhatsApp](https://wa.me/37491612709)

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    "acceptedAnswer" : {
      "@type" : "Answer",
      "text" : "The report says where and by how much. You take the findings to the vendor, and the retest after the fix is part of the scope: 3 days for a switch, up to a week for a firewall."
    },
    "name" : "What happens if the device fails a test?"
  }, {
    "@type" : "Question",
    "acceptedAnswer" : {
      "@type" : "Answer",
      "text" : "No. Load comes from commercial generators and from the generator we build. A number you sign a purchase on needs per-flow loss counters and hardware timestamps; a free tool is fine for a smoke test and nothing more."
    },
    "name" : "Do you run load tests on free generators?"
  } ]
}
```