---
title: "Network testing glossary: RFC 2544, Y.1564, jitter, BGP and more – TEST4NET"
description: "Plain-word definitions of 50 network testing terms: RFC 2544, RFC 9411, Y.1564, jitter, frame loss, BGP, EVPN, RoCEv2 and more, with links to how we test each one"
---

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[Home](https://test4net.com/?hsLang=en)/Glossary

# Network testing terms in plain words

Short definitions of the terms we use in methodologies, services and posts. Most of them link to the page where we test it on the bench.

[English](https://test4net.com/glossary) [Русский](https://test4net.com/ru/glossary) [Հայերեն](https://test4net.com/hy/glossary)

Jump to[B](https://test4net.com/glossary#gl-b)[C](https://test4net.com/glossary#gl-c)[D](https://test4net.com/glossary#gl-d)[E](https://test4net.com/glossary#gl-e)[F](https://test4net.com/glossary#gl-f)[H](https://test4net.com/glossary#gl-h)[I](https://test4net.com/glossary#gl-i)[J](https://test4net.com/glossary#gl-j)[K](https://test4net.com/glossary#gl-k)[L](https://test4net.com/glossary#gl-l)[M](https://test4net.com/glossary#gl-m)[N](https://test4net.com/glossary#gl-n)[O](https://test4net.com/glossary#gl-o)[P](https://test4net.com/glossary#gl-p)[R](https://test4net.com/glossary#gl-r)[S](https://test4net.com/glossary#gl-s)[T](https://test4net.com/glossary#gl-t)[U](https://test4net.com/glossary#gl-u)[V](https://test4net.com/glossary#gl-v)[W](https://test4net.com/glossary#gl-w)[Y](https://test4net.com/glossary#gl-y)

## B

Back-to-back

A burst of frames at line rate with minimum gaps. The test finds the longest burst the device absorbs without loss.

[Methodology](https://test4net.com/methodologies/rfc-2544?hsLang=en)

DUT

BDPBandwidth-delay product

Link speed times RTT, the amount of data in flight on a path. A TCP window smaller than the BDP caps throughput.

Gbit/sRTTBDP

BFDBidirectional Forwarding Detection

A fast hello that notices a dead link or neighbour within tens of milliseconds and tells routing to switch over

[How we test it](https://test4net.com/solutions/routing-switching?hsLang=en)

50 msBFD

BGPBorder Gateway Protocol

Routing protocol between networks and providers. A full IPv4 internet table is close to a million routes.

[How we test it](https://test4net.com/solutions/routing-switching?hsLang=en)

AS 65001AS 65002BGP

## C

CCMContinuity check message

The heartbeat MEPs exchange in Ethernet OAM. When several in a row go missing, a fault is raised.

[Methodology](https://test4net.com/methodologies/y-1731?hsLang=en)

MEPMEP3.3 ms×3

CIRCommitted information rate

The bandwidth a provider guarantees for a service. Traffic within it must pass with the agreed delay and loss.

CIREIR

Convergence

The time a network needs to find and use a new path after a link or node fails. Traffic lost in that time is what users notice.

[How we test it](https://test4net.com/solutions/routing-switching?hsLang=en)

Δtt

CPSConnections per second

How many new sessions a firewall or load balancer sets up each second

[How we test it](https://test4net.com/solutions/firewalls-ngfw?hsLang=en)

1 s9/s

## D

DMMDelay measurement message

The Y.1731 frame that measures two-way delay between MEPs

[Methodology](https://test4net.com/methodologies/y-1731?hsLang=en)

MEPMEPDMMDMRΔt

DUTDevice under test

The unit whose behaviour the test measures. Everything else on the bench is the measuring side.

DUTTXRX

## E

ECMPEqual-cost multipath

Traffic spread over several paths of the same cost by a hash of packet headers. A poor hash loads one path and leaves the others idle.

[How we test it](https://test4net.com/solutions/ai-fabric-rocev2?hsLang=en)

25%25%25%25%

ECNExplicit Congestion Notification

A switch marks packets instead of dropping them, and the sender slows down

[How we test it](https://test4net.com/solutions/ai-fabric-rocev2?hsLang=en)

CECNP

EIRExcess information rate

Bandwidth above the CIR that the network carries when it has room, with no delay or loss guarantee

CIREIR

EVPNEthernet VPN

A BGP control plane for layer 2 and layer 3 VPNs. In data centers it usually runs with VXLAN.

[How we test it](https://test4net.com/solutions/routing-switching?hsLang=en)

VXLANBGPVTEPVTEPMAC

## F

FECForward error correction

Extra bits that let the receiver rebuild lost or damaged data without asking for it again

FEC

Frame loss

The share of frames the generator sent that never came out of the device

[Methodology](https://test4net.com/methodologies/rfc-2544?hsLang=en)

DUT25%

## H

HAHigh availability

Two units in a cluster, one takes over when the other fails. The test measures how much traffic is lost during the switch.

Δt

## I

IPSIntrusion prevention system

Checks traffic inline against signatures and blocks what matches

[How we test it](https://test4net.com/solutions/firewalls-ngfw?hsLang=en)

IPS

IS-ISIntermediate System to Intermediate System

Link-state routing protocol common in operator cores. Close to OSPF in idea, it runs directly over layer 2.

[How we test it](https://test4net.com/solutions/routing-switching?hsLang=en)

L2IPOSPFL2IS-IS

## J

Jitter

Variation in delay from one packet to the next. Voice and video suffer from it long before the average delay looks bad.

[Product](https://test4net.com/products/wanemu?hsLang=en)

20 ms20 ms23 ms27 ms

## K

KPIKey performance indicator

A number agreed before the test that decides pass or fail, for example zero loss at 40 Gbit/s or failover under 50 ms

40 Gbit/s50 ms0%

## L

Line rate

The full speed of a port. At 10GbE that is about 14.88 million 64-byte frames per second.

10GbE100%14.88 Mpps

## M

MEPMaintenance end point

The edge of an Ethernet OAM domain that sends and answers checks and measurements

[Methodology](https://test4net.com/methodologies/y-1731?hsLang=en)

MEPMIPMEP

MOSMean opinion score

Voice or video quality on a scale from 1 to 5, estimated from loss, delay and jitter

[Product](https://test4net.com/products/wanemu?hsLang=en)

154.2

MPLSMultiprotocol Label Switching

Packets are forwarded by short labels instead of full IP lookups. Operators run VPNs and traffic engineering on it.

[How we test it](https://test4net.com/solutions/routing-switching?hsLang=en)

PEPPE1724

MTUMaximum transmission unit

The largest packet a link carries without fragmentation. A mismatch along the path often shows up as slow or stuck sessions.

14009000MTU

## N

NGFWNext-generation firewall

A firewall that sees applications and users and adds IPS, URL filtering and TLS inspection. Throughput falls as each feature is switched on.

[How we test it](https://test4net.com/solutions/firewalls-ngfw?hsLang=en)

NGFWAPPIPSTLS

NOSNetwork operating system

The software of a switch or router, for example SONiC on white-box hardware

[How we test it](https://test4net.com/solutions/routing-switching?hsLang=en)

ASICNOSBGPLACP

## O

OAMOperations, administration and maintenance

Tools built into a protocol to check and measure a live link

[Methodology](https://test4net.com/methodologies/y-1731?hsLang=en)

0.01%2 ms

OSPFOpen Shortest Path First

Link-state routing inside one network. Each router knows the whole topology and computes the shortest paths itself.

[How we test it](https://test4net.com/solutions/routing-switching?hsLang=en)

23101

## P

PFCPriority Flow Control

Pauses one traffic class on a link so lossless traffic such as RoCEv2 is not dropped under load

[How we test it](https://test4net.com/solutions/ai-fabric-rocev2?hsLang=en)

PFC

## R

RFC 2544

IETF methodology for benchmarking routers and switches: throughput without loss, latency, frame loss rate and back-to-back bursts, for each frame size

[Methodology](https://test4net.com/methodologies/rfc-2544?hsLang=en)

100%0

RFC 2889

IETF methodology for benchmarking LAN switches: full-mesh forwarding, behaviour under congestion, MAC table size and address learning rate

[Methodology](https://test4net.com/methodologies/rfc-2889?hsLang=en)

MAC

RFC 3511

The earlier IETF methodology for firewall performance: connection setup rate, concurrent connections and HTTP throughput. RFC 9411 replaced it for modern devices.

[Methodology](https://test4net.com/methodologies/rfc-9411-rfc-3511?hsLang=en)

HTTP

RFC 5180

The RFC 2544 benchmarks redone for IPv6, with IPv6 frame sizes and extension headers

[Methodology](https://test4net.com/methodologies/rfc-5180?hsLang=en)

IPv6EHEH

RFC 6349

Framework for TCP throughput testing: shows what an application really gets over a path, given the RTT, the bottleneck and the TCP window

[Methodology](https://test4net.com/methodologies/rfc-6349?hsLang=en)

TCPRTT

RFC 9411

IETF methodology for benchmarking next-generation firewalls and other security devices with real application traffic and the security features switched on

[Methodology](https://test4net.com/methodologies/rfc-9411-rfc-3511?hsLang=en)

NGFWIPSTLSAPP

RoCEv2RDMA over Converged Ethernet v2

Servers read and write each other's memory over UDP with microsecond latency. AI clusters and storage fabrics run on it.

[How we test it](https://test4net.com/solutions/ai-fabric-rocev2?hsLang=en)

CPURAMCPURAMUDP

RTTRound-trip time

How long a packet takes to reach the far end plus the time the reply takes to come back

RTT

## S

SD-WANSoftware-defined WAN

Branch WAN run by policy: the edge picks MPLS, internet or LTE for each application, based on the quality it measures on each link

[How we test it](https://test4net.com/solutions/sd-wan?hsLang=en)

MPLS3%LTE

SLAService level agreement

The figures a provider commits to, such as availability, delay and loss, and what happens when they are missed

SLAms

SR-IOVSingle Root I/O Virtualization

Splits one physical network card into several virtual ones, so virtual machines skip the software switch

[How we test it](https://test4net.com/solutions/cloud-nfv?hsLang=en)

PFVFVFVF

## T

TLSTransport Layer Security

The encryption under HTTPS and most application traffic. Decrypting it for inspection is the heaviest job a firewall does.

[How we test it](https://test4net.com/solutions/firewalls-ngfw?hsLang=en)

NGFWTLSCPU

TR-398Broadband Forum TR-398

Broadband Forum test plan for Wi-Fi access points: throughput, range, many clients at once, roaming and coexistence with neighbouring networks

[Methodology](https://test4net.com/methodologies/tr-398?hsLang=en)

APAP

Traffic profile

What the generator sends: the mix of applications, packet sizes and session rates. We build it from your network data where we can.

HTTPSVoIPDNS641518 B

## U

UPFUser plane function

The 5G core node that carries subscriber traffic between the radio network and the internet

[How we test it](https://test4net.com/solutions/5g-mobile-core?hsLang=en)

gNBGTP-UUPFSMF

## V

VXLANVirtual Extensible LAN

Carries layer 2 frames inside UDP across an IP network, so one segment can stretch over racks and sites

[How we test it](https://test4net.com/solutions/routing-switching?hsLang=en)

VTEPVTEPIPUDPL2

## W

WAN emulation

A real link recreated on the bench: delay, jitter, loss and a bandwidth cap set for each direction. The device meets a long or poor link without leaving the lab.

[Product](https://test4net.com/products/wanemu?hsLang=en)

80 ms50 Mbit/s1%

## Y

Y.1564ITU-T Y.1564, Ethernet service activation

ITU-T test for turning up Ethernet services: each service is checked against its CIR, EIR, delay, jitter and loss, first step by step, then all together in a long run

[Methodology](https://test4net.com/methodologies/y-1564?hsLang=en)

CIRCIR+EIR15 min

Y.1731ITU-T Y.1731, Ethernet OAM

ITU-T OAM for Ethernet: continuity checks plus delay, delay variation and frame loss measured between MEPs on a live link

[Methodology](https://test4net.com/methodologies/y-1731?hsLang=en)

MEPMEPDMCCM

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