--- title: How we test TCP throughput to RFC 6349 | TEST4NET description: "TCP throughput to RFC 6349: path MTU, baseline RTT, bandwidth-delay product and window, 1 to 16 connections, Transfer Time Ratio, TCP Efficiency, Buffer Delay" image: https://test4net.com/hubfs/blog-covers/how-we-test-tcp-throughput.png --- [Skip to content](https://test4net.com/blog/how-we-test-tcp-throughput#main-content) [![TEST4NET](https://test4net.com/hubfs/test4net-logo-fixed-2.svg)](https://test4net.com/?hsLang=en) - Services - Products - Resources - Company - [English](https://test4net.com/blog/how-we-test-tcp-throughput) - [Русский](https://test4net.com/ru/blog/how-we-test-tcp-throughput) - [Հայերեն](https://test4net.com/hy/blog/how-we-test-tcp-throughput) [News](https://test4net.com/news?hsLang=en) [Login](https://lab.test4net.com) [Support](https://test4net.com/support?hsLang=en) - [English](https://test4net.com/blog/how-we-test-tcp-throughput) - [Русский](https://test4net.com/ru/blog/how-we-test-tcp-throughput) - [Հայերեն](https://test4net.com/hy/blog/how-we-test-tcp-throughput) What we test By technology Industries [Load & Performance Testing Throughput, sessions and latency up to and past the rated limit](https://test4net.com/services/load-performance-testing?hsLang=en) [Functional & Conformance Testing Features against the spec, RFC compliance with evidence](https://test4net.com/services/functional-conformance-testing?hsLang=en) [Interoperability Testing Multi-vendor behaviour, before it reaches production](https://test4net.com/services/interoperability-testing?hsLang=en) [Security & Resilience Testing NGFW, IPS and VPN efficacy and performance with threats on the wire](https://test4net.com/services/security-resilience-testing?hsLang=en) [Test Plan & Methodology Design What to test, how, and what counts as a pass](https://test4net.com/services/test-plan-design?hsLang=en) [Test Automation & CI/CD Regression suites wired into your release pipeline](https://test4net.com/services/test-automation?hsLang=en) [Training Programs Hands-on courses for your test engineers](https://test4net.com/services/training-programs?hsLang=en) [Equipment Repair Repair and verification of test equipment](https://test4net.com/services/equipment-repair?hsLang=en) [All services](https://test4net.com/services?hsLang=en) [Routing & Switching RFC 2544 and RFC 2889 on real ports, 1G to 100G](https://test4net.com/solutions/routing-switching?hsLang=en) [Firewalls & NGFW RFC 9411 throughput with inspection switched on](https://test4net.com/solutions/firewalls-ngfw?hsLang=en) [SD-WAN & WAN Path selection and QoS under emulated WAN conditions](https://test4net.com/solutions/sd-wan?hsLang=en) [Cloud & NFV Virtual appliances and cloud services under load](https://test4net.com/solutions/cloud-nfv?hsLang=en) [5G & Mobile Core Transport and core functions under subscriber traffic](https://test4net.com/solutions/5g-mobile-core?hsLang=en) [Wi-Fi Wi-Fi 6 clients and access points, Wi-Fi 7 in progress](https://test4net.com/solutions/wi-fi?hsLang=en) [Storage & Infrastructure Storage networks and servers under realistic I/O](https://test4net.com/solutions/storage?hsLang=en) [AI / Switching Fabric (RoCEv2) Lossless Ethernet for GPU clusters: PFC, ECN, fabric load](https://test4net.com/solutions/ai-fabric-rocev2?hsLang=en) [All technologies](https://test4net.com/services#coverage) [Telecom Operators Pre-deployment acceptance and vendor comparison](https://test4net.com/solutions/industries#telecom) [Network & Security Vendors Independent validation of your product claims](https://test4net.com/solutions/industries#vendors) [System Integrators Proof for the customer before the rollout](https://test4net.com/solutions/industries#integrators) [Enterprise & Banks Upgrades and new platforms checked before production](https://test4net.com/solutions/industries#enterprise) [All industries](https://test4net.com/solutions/industries?hsLang=en) Not sure where to start? 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The [Y.1564](https://test4net.com/methodologies/y-1564?hsLang=en) acceptance and an [RFC 2544](https://test4net.com/methodologies/rfc-2544?hsLang=en) run passed at line rate with zero loss, a speed test from the office shows over 900, and the nightly backup to the second data centre runs at 28 Mbps. Nobody is lying. The speed test talks to a server a few milliseconds away over many streams, the UDP run has no window to fill, and the backup is one TCP connection over 92 ms of RTT. [RFC 6349](https://test4net.com/methodologies/rfc-6349?hsLang=en) measures the third case, the one users complain about. ## The bench RFC 6349 needs two TCP hosts that let us set the window, log every retransmission and timestamp the segments. In CloudLAB the hosts are ports of the traffic generator with hardware TCP stacks up to 100 GbE; on a live circuit we put test hosts at both ends. Between them sits the path: a customer circuit, a device under test, or a [WAN emulator](https://test4net.com/products/wanemu?hsLang=en) set to the RTT and loss of the target network, from 1 to 300 ms and from 0 to 1%. Before the path goes in, the two hosts are connected back to back and must fill the link with zero retransmissions. A laptop with a 64 KB default window measures its own limit and calls it the network. ## What we check - Path MTU: probing per RFC 4821 in each direction, ICMP not trusted since firewalls drop it; every later run takes its MSS from it - Baseline RTT: at least a minute of samples on the idle path, minimum, average and maximum - Bottleneck bandwidth: a layer 2/3 run at the MTU found, zero loss required; with the RTT it gives the bandwidth-delay product, 2.5 MB for 1 Gbps at 20 ms - One connection with the window at the BDP: 30 seconds, three runs, the number a single backup stream gets - Several connections: 4, 8 or 16 whose windows add up to the BDP; the gap between 1 and N points at a per-flow limit - Both directions: each alone, then both at once, to catch an asymmetric shaper or ACK compression - Three metrics per point: TCP Transfer Time Ratio against the ideal, TCP Efficiency as the share of bytes sent once, Buffer Delay as RTT growth under load - Devices that touch TCP: a firewall, a shaper or an SD-WAN edge between the hosts, measured with and without it One metric alone does not name the cause, so we read all three. Efficiency below 100% means loss on the path. A high Buffer Delay with no loss means a queue in front of the bottleneck. A Transfer Time Ratio in the tens with clean metrics means the host window. ## What usually breaks The window. A typical case: an international 1 Gbps circuit, 92 ms RTT, a BDP of 11.5 MB, and a backup server that caps its window at 320 KB. 320 KB over 92 ms is 28 Mbps. The ticket travels between the carrier and the IT team for weeks. With the window at the BDP and 8 connections the same circuit carried 905 Mbps, and the fix was two lines in the server settings. Second: loss too small to notice. A TCP Efficiency of 99.6% looks clean in a report. At 20 ms RTT it is enough to cut throughput by two thirds, because TCP slows down after every loss and needs many round trips to recover. This is where the argument between the carrier and the customer usually ends: the retransmissions are in the capture, with the time and the direction. Third: the queue. The shaper at the provider edge has a deep buffer. Throughput looks fine, while the RTT grows from 20 ms idle to 37 ms under load, a Buffer Delay of 85%. Voice on the same circuit feels every one of those 17 ms. ## What is in the report One table per direction: throughput per connection count in Mbps and as a share of the maximum achievable (949 Mbps on 1 GbE at 1500 B MTU), the three metrics, and the MTU and RTT they were taken at. Host settings: TCP stack, window scaling, SACK, offloads. A capture behind each row. For each failed point one line of diagnosis: host window, loss on the path or queueing. We sell the test, the carrier sells the circuit, so both sides read the same numbers. ## Where to start Send us the path: the two endpoints, the link rate, the RTT if you know it and what has to move over it. We answer with a draft test plan: the runs, the windows, the connection counts and the dates. The report is yours to keep and to show to the carrier. [Write to us](https://test4net.com/contacts?hsLang=en) or look at [what else the bench does](https://test4net.com/services?hsLang=en). Share Pass it on to someone who runs a network Independent lab data is most useful in the hands of the people who make the call. Send this piece to a colleague. 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With 19+ years in performance and load testing on IXIA, Spirent, Keysight, Xena and Xinertel platforms, he runs NGFW, WAF, IPS, DLP and SASE evaluations for telecom operators, banks and system integrators. [LinkedIn](https://www.linkedin.com/in/azemskov/) [Website](https://test4net.com/?hsLang=en) [Previous article How we test QoS: DSCP, queues and voice on a full link](https://test4net.com/blog/how-we-test-qos?hsLang=en) [Next article How we test S3 object storage: 1 kB to 128 MB and a lost node](https://test4net.com/blog/how-we-test-s3-object-storage?hsLang=en) In this article On the bench ### Have a device to put through this? Send us the shortlist and the KPIs that decide it. We will come back with a scoped test plan, a timeline and a fixed price. [Talk to a test engineer](https://test4net.com/contacts?hsLang=en) Blog ## Keep reading [![How we test hyperconverged clusters: a lost node and VM p99](https://test4net.com/hs-fs/hubfs/blog-covers/how-we-test-hyperconverged-clusters.png?width=880&height=550&name=how-we-test-hyperconverged-clusters.png)](https://test4net.com/blog/how-we-test-hyperconverged-clusters?hsLang=en) [Storage and data center](https://test4net.com/blog/tag/storage-and-data-center) ### [How we test hyperconverged clusters: a lost node and VM p99](https://test4net.com/blog/how-we-test-hyperconverged-clusters?hsLang=en) An HCI sizing sheet answers one question: how many VMs fit on 4 nodes with one node in reserve. It is calculated on a healthy cluster. A buyer reads "N+1" and expects a l… ![](https://test4net.com/hs-fs/hubfs/IMG_0070.jpg?width=22&height=22&name=IMG_0070.jpg) Alexander Zemskov Oct 30, 2026 · 5 min read [![How we test NAS over NFS and SMB: metadata calls and failover](https://test4net.com/hs-fs/hubfs/blog-covers/how-we-test-nas-file-shares.png?width=880&height=550&name=how-we-test-nas-file-shares.png)](https://test4net.com/blog/how-we-test-nas-file-shares?hsLang=en) [Storage and data center](https://test4net.com/blog/tag/storage-and-data-center) ### [How we test NAS over NFS and SMB: metadata calls and failover](https://test4net.com/blog/how-we-test-nas-file-shares?hsLang=en) A NAS datasheet gives one figure: sequential read in GB/s, taken with large files and a few clients. On a home-directory share or a build farm, hundreds of clients create… ![](https://test4net.com/hs-fs/hubfs/IMG_0070.jpg?width=22&height=22&name=IMG_0070.jpg) Alexander Zemskov Oct 30, 2026 · 4 min read [![How we test backup and replication over WAN: the window and RPO](https://test4net.com/hs-fs/hubfs/blog-covers/how-we-test-backup-and-replication-over-wan.png?width=880&height=550&name=how-we-test-backup-and-replication-over-wan.png)](https://test4net.com/blog/how-we-test-backup-and-replication-over-wan?hsLang=en) [Storage and data center](https://test4net.com/blog/tag/storage-and-data-center) ### [How we test backup and replication over WAN: the window and RPO](https://test4net.com/blog/how-we-test-backup-and-replication-over-wan?hsLang=en) The sizing sheet divides the data by the link: 20 TB over a 10G WAN is 4.4 hours, the window from 22:00 to 07:00 is 9, so the margin looks double. Over 30 ms of RTT with … ![](https://test4net.com/hs-fs/hubfs/IMG_0070.jpg?width=22&height=22&name=IMG_0070.jpg) Alexander Zemskov Oct 30, 2026 · 4 min read [![TEST4NET LLC](https://test4net.com/hubfs/test4net-logo-fixed.svg)](https://test4net.com?hsLang=en) Independent testing and validation for telecom, information security and cloud infrastructure – real insights, not assumptions [mailto:sales@test4net.com](mailto:sales@test4net.com) #### Navigate - [Home](https://test4net.com/?hsLang=en) - [Why TEST4NET](https://test4net.com/why-test4net?hsLang=en) - [About us](https://test4net.com/about?hsLang=en) - [Contact](https://test4net.com/contacts?hsLang=en) - [Blog](https://test4net.com/blog?hsLang=en) - [Industry News](https://test4net.com/news?hsLang=en) #### Get in touch Sales [sales@test4net.com](mailto:sales@test4net.com) Support [support.test4net.com](https://support.test4net.com) © 2026 TEST4NET LLC. All rights reserved. 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