---
title: "How we test SD-WAN: brownout and path selection | TEST4NET"
description: "SD-WAN on the CloudLAB bench: a brownout on one underlay, path selection per application, voice MOS, failback, tunnel scale and IPsec overhead, timed per second"
image: https://test4net.com/hubfs/blog-covers/how-we-test-sd-wan.png
---

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# How we test SD-WAN: brownouts, path selection and voice MOS

![](https://test4net.com/hubfs/IMG_0070.jpg) [Alexander Zemskov](https://test4net.com/blog/author/az) October 29, 2026 4 min read

[English](https://test4net.com/blog/how-we-test-sd-wan) [Русский](https://test4net.com/ru/blog/how-we-test-sd-wan) [Հայերեն](https://test4net.com/hy/blog/how-we-test-sd-wan)

![How we test SD-WAN: brownouts, path selection and voice MOS](https://test4net.com/hs-fs/hubfs/blog-covers/how-we-test-sd-wan.png?width=1600&height=900&name=how-we-test-sd-wan.png)

In this article

An SD-WAN slide shows failover in under a second, measured by pulling a cable. Real underlays rarely die that cleanly. An MPLS circuit picks up 2 % loss and 40 ms jitter, the interface stays up, the probes keep reporting a healthy link, and voice rides the bad path. We measure how long each application class stays on a degraded underlay and what the users heard meanwhile.

## The bench

The [SD-WAN](https://test4net.com/solutions/sd-wan?hsLang=en) branch CPE or hub goes into the CloudLAB rack, or runs as a VM, on the bench or in your tenant. Each site gets 2 or 3 underlays, and each one passes through a WAN emulator that sets delay, jitter, loss, reordering and a bandwidth cap per direction. Loss can be random or come in bursts on the Gilbert–Elliott model, the way radio and congested links lose packets. Our own emulator, [WANemu](https://test4net.com/products/wanemu?hsLang=en), in beta on 1G and 10G links, puts the impairment, the traffic and the device counters on one timeline; higher rates run with a commercial emulator in the loop. The generator checks the applied values before each run.

The generator plays the users behind the CPE and the branches behind the hub: voice and video flows scored every second, SaaS-like flows over TLS, IPsec tunnels with overlay routes toward the hub. The policy is yours: application classes, SLA probe intervals and thresholds, QoS queues, breakout rules from your export.

## What we check

- Brownout: loss, delay or jitter raised on one underlay at a known second of the scenario timeline; time from the first bad second to the first good one after the move, per application class
- Hard failover: an underlay cut; the voice and video gap, sessions dropped, overlay routes reconverging
- Failback: the link recovers; when traffic returns, and whether it bounces while the brownout comes and goes
- Steering: each class on the path its policy names, under load, DIA breakout included
- Voice QoE: MOS for every call, second by second, through the brownout, the move and a congested link with QoS on
- Tunnel scale: tunnels a hub holds with traffic on all of them, new connections per second, convergence when a hub goes down
- Encryption overhead: IPsec throughput per direction and per packet size, from voice-size packets up to 1400 bytes, against the branch line rate

The underlay gets its own numbers: Y.1564 per service against the carrier contract and [RFC 6349](https://test4net.com/methodologies/rfc-6349?hsLang=en) TCP throughput over the overlay. With those next to the steering times, a slow move is traced to the policy, the box or the link.

## What usually breaks

Probes that see nothing. A typical acceptance before a few hundred branches migrate: with 2 % loss and 40 ms jitter on MPLS, the default probes call the path healthy and voice stays on it for 90 s against a design of 5 s. A shorter probe interval, a lower loss threshold and a jitter rule bring it to 3 s. The cable-pull case passed on day 1 and was never the problem.

Ping-pong. The policy leaves a bad underlay fast and comes back just as fast. A link that loses packets in bursts looks clean between them, so traffic swings back and forth every few seconds and each swing costs a voice gap. Burst loss on the timeline exposes it; random loss at the same average percent does not.

Overhead. A branch box is sized from a datasheet number taken with large packets in clear text. Inside IPsec, with tunnel headers on top of the small packets a branch really sends, the rate drops, and the gap grows as packets shrink. Hubs do the same with tunnels: all of them come up on an idle box, and the count to plan with is the one that holds with traffic on every tunnel.

## What is in the report

Steering time per application class and per impairment, with the pass band from your design and the probe settings that produced it. MOS per call per second through every event. Tunnels and sessions where the hub stops or slows. The emulator settings per link and the scenario timeline, so the same brownout replays on the next release or on a competing platform.

## Where to start

Send us the platforms, the underlay list and the policy export. We answer with a draft test plan: the items, the bench layout and the dates. The report is yours to keep and to show to the vendor. [Write to us](https://test4net.com/contacts?hsLang=en) or look at [what else the bench does](https://test4net.com/services?hsLang=en).

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Written by

### [Alexander Zemskov](https://test4net.com/blog/author/az)

Alexander Zemskov leads network and security testing at TEST4NET, an independent, vendor-neutral testing lab in Yerevan, Armenia. With 19+ years in performance and load testing on IXIA, Spirent, Keysight, Xena and Xinertel platforms, he runs NGFW, WAF, IPS, DLP and SASE evaluations for telecom operators, banks and system integrators.

[LinkedIn](https://www.linkedin.com/in/azemskov/) [Website](https://test4net.com/?hsLang=en)

[Previous article OcNOS on Tomahawk 6: a 102.4T white box promises lossless RoCE. Who proves it?](https://test4net.com/blog/ocnos-tomahawk-6-whitebox-lossless-test-checklist?hsLang=en) [Next article How we test Ethernet switches: 64 bytes, full mesh, MAC table](https://test4net.com/blog/how-we-test-ethernet-switches?hsLang=en)

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  },
  "dateModified" : "2026-10-29T17:43:59.912Z",
  "datePublished" : "2026-10-29T17:43:59.000Z",
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    "@type" : "WebPage"
  },
  "publisher" : {
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    "logo" : {
      "@type" : "ImageObject",
      "url" : "https://test4net.com/hubfs/test4net-logo-fixed.svg"
    },
    "name" : "TEST4NET LLC"
  }
}
```

```json
{
  "@context" : "https://schema.org",
  "@id" : "https://test4net.com/#organization",
  "@type" : "Organization",
  "address" : {
    "@type" : "PostalAddress",
    "addressCountry" : "AM",
    "addressLocality" : "Yerevan",
    "postalCode" : "0033",
    "streetAddress" : "3 Hakob Hakobyan Street (Mergelyan Hub)"
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  },
  "description" : "Independent, vendor-neutral lab for testing network and cybersecurity products — NGFW, WAF, IPS, DLP and SASE — and an authorized distributor of test, measurement and network infrastructure solutions.",
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  "image" : "https://test4net.com/hubfs/og-t4n.png",
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  "telephone" : "+374-60-88-88-99",
  "url" : "https://test4net.com/"
}
```

```json
{
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  "@id" : "https://test4net.com/#website",
  "@type" : "WebSite",
  "inLanguage" : "en",
  "name" : "TEST4NET",
  "potentialAction" : {
    "@type" : "SearchAction",
    "query-input" : "required name=search_term_string",
    "target" : {
      "@type" : "EntryPoint",
      "urlTemplate" : "https://test4net.com/hs-search-results?term={search_term_string}"
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  },
  "publisher" : {
    "@id" : "https://test4net.com/#organization"
  },
  "url" : "https://test4net.com/"
}
```

```json
{
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  "@type" : "BreadcrumbList",
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  }, {
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    "item" : "https://test4net.com/blog",
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}
```