--- title: "How we test 5G core: AMF, SMF and UPF | TEST4NET" description: "5G core on the CloudLAB bench: emulated gNBs and UEs, registrations and PDU sessions per second, UPF sessions with traffic, mobility, slices, restarts" image: https://test4net.com/hubfs/blog-covers/how-we-test-5g-core.png --- [Skip to content](https://test4net.com/blog/how-we-test-5g-core#main-content) [![TEST4NET](https://test4net.com/hubfs/test4net-logo-fixed-2.svg)](https://test4net.com/?hsLang=en) - Services - Products - Resources - Company - [English](https://test4net.com/blog/how-we-test-5g-core) - [Русский](https://test4net.com/ru/blog/how-we-test-5g-core) - [Հայերեն](https://test4net.com/hy/blog/how-we-test-5g-core) [News](https://test4net.com/news?hsLang=en) [Login](https://lab.test4net.com) [Support](https://test4net.com/support?hsLang=en) - [English](https://test4net.com/blog/how-we-test-5g-core) - [Русский](https://test4net.com/ru/blog/how-we-test-5g-core) - [Հայերեն](https://test4net.com/hy/blog/how-we-test-5g-core) What we test By technology Industries [Load & Performance Testing Throughput, sessions and latency up to and past the rated limit](https://test4net.com/services/load-performance-testing?hsLang=en) [Functional & Conformance Testing Features against the spec, RFC compliance with evidence](https://test4net.com/services/functional-conformance-testing?hsLang=en) [Interoperability Testing Multi-vendor behaviour, before it reaches production](https://test4net.com/services/interoperability-testing?hsLang=en) [Security & Resilience Testing NGFW, IPS and VPN efficacy and performance with threats on the wire](https://test4net.com/services/security-resilience-testing?hsLang=en) [Test Plan & Methodology Design What to test, how, and what counts as a pass](https://test4net.com/services/test-plan-design?hsLang=en) [Test Automation & CI/CD Regression suites wired into your release pipeline](https://test4net.com/services/test-automation?hsLang=en) [Training Programs Hands-on courses for your test engineers](https://test4net.com/services/training-programs?hsLang=en) [Equipment Repair Repair and verification of test equipment](https://test4net.com/services/equipment-repair?hsLang=en) [All services](https://test4net.com/services?hsLang=en) [Routing & Switching RFC 2544 and RFC 2889 on real ports, 1G to 100G](https://test4net.com/solutions/routing-switching?hsLang=en) [Firewalls & NGFW RFC 9411 throughput with inspection switched on](https://test4net.com/solutions/firewalls-ngfw?hsLang=en) [Load Balancers & ADC Connections, TLS and failover of the pair under load](https://test4net.com/solutions/load-balancers-adc?hsLang=en) [SD-WAN & WAN Path selection and QoS under emulated WAN conditions](https://test4net.com/solutions/sd-wan?hsLang=en) [Cloud & NFV Virtual appliances and cloud services under load](https://test4net.com/solutions/cloud-nfv?hsLang=en) [5G & Mobile Core Transport and core functions under subscriber traffic](https://test4net.com/solutions/5g-mobile-core?hsLang=en) [Wi-Fi Wi-Fi 6 clients and access points, Wi-Fi 7 in progress](https://test4net.com/solutions/wi-fi?hsLang=en) [Storage & Infrastructure Storage networks and servers under realistic I/O](https://test4net.com/solutions/storage?hsLang=en) [AI / Switching Fabric (RoCEv2) Lossless Ethernet for GPU clusters: PFC, ECN, fabric load](https://test4net.com/solutions/ai-fabric-rocev2?hsLang=en) [All technologies](https://test4net.com/services#coverage) [Telecom Operators Pre-deployment acceptance and vendor comparison](https://test4net.com/solutions/industries#telecom) [Network & Security Vendors Independent validation of your product claims](https://test4net.com/solutions/industries#vendors) [System Integrators Proof for the customer before the rollout](https://test4net.com/solutions/industries#integrators) [Enterprise & Banks Upgrades and new platforms checked before production](https://test4net.com/solutions/industries#enterprise) [All industries](https://test4net.com/solutions/industries?hsLang=en) Not sure where to start? 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A live core gets both at once, and on a bad day a whole region attaches again after a RAN outage. In a typical acceptance the UPF pair holds the datasheet count while idle and starts dropping packets at 78 % of the design count once every session carries traffic. We load the core the way the busy hour and the bad day do, and count what it holds. ## The bench The functions under test (AMF, SMF, UPF and the rest of the [5G core](https://test4net.com/solutions/5g-mobile-core?hsLang=en), or an EPC) go onto the CloudLAB bench, run as VMs and containers on the bench hypervisor or stay in your tenant with the bench connected. Around them the bench emulates the RAN: gNBs and eNBs on N2 and N3, and behind them UEs that register, open PDU sessions, move between cells and drop off. Emulated servers terminate N6, and user-plane traffic runs at 10G to 100G in the eMBB, URLLC and mMTC mix of your cells. Subscriber count, slice mix and attach pattern come from your statistics; timers, QoS flows, policies and dimensioning from an anonymised config export. The host under the function (SR-IOV, NUMA, pinning) has its own post on [virtual network functions](https://test4net.com/blog/how-we-test-virtual-network-functions?hsLang=en); here the function itself is the subject. ## What we check - Registration rate: the storm after a RAN outage, per second against the design rate, with setup time at p95 - PDU setup: sessions opened and released through the SMF, each with an IP address assigned and the UPF programmed over N4 - Capacity: active sessions with traffic on each, ramped live until the UPF stops forwarding, as a share of the design count - User plane: N3 to N6 throughput per session class with the table loaded, pps per CPU core, GTP-U overhead at your packet sizes - UPF latency: p50 and p99 per class, URLLC against its budget while eMBB fills the link - Mobility: handovers between emulated cells under traffic, 4G to 5G and back over N26, EPS fallback for voice; continuity and loss per move - Slicing: each PDU session lands in its slice and QoS flow, and a storm in one slice leaves the others' setup time and delay unchanged - Restarts: AMF, SMF or UPF restarted with the table full; sessions kept, UEs that register again, the loss window from the last packet to the first one back Pass bands come from your design and are fixed before the run. Routers between RAN and core are covered in the [5G transport](https://test4net.com/blog/how-we-test-5g-transport?hsLang=en) post. ## What usually breaks Sessions with traffic. In the acceptance from the first paragraph the counters showed one CPU core carrying all GTP-U hashing: tunnels from a few gNBs share outer addresses, and the flow distribution sent them to the same core. The vendor changed the flow distribution and the queue mapping, and on day 6 the same ramp held 108 % of the design with traffic on every session. An idle ramp would have passed on day 1. The storm. After a RAN outage tens of thousands of UEs register within the same seconds. An AMF that kept up with a smooth ramp now waits on authentication round trips, the UEs hit their retry timers and send again, and retries fill the queue. In a typical project the AMF accepts requests at the design rate and completes fewer than half of them in the first minutes. Back-off timers and overload control toward the gNBs bring the completed rate back above the design line. Restarts. An SMF restarted with a full table keeps 99.6 % of sessions in a typical run, against a band of 100 %. The lost ones are usually sessions set up in the last seconds before the restart, whose state had not reached the standby yet. Each is a subscriber without data until the phone reconnects, and the report names the sync interval behind the figure. ## What is in the report Registrations and PDU sessions per second with setup time at p95, measured through a storm. Active sessions where each function stops or slows, as a share of the design count. N3 to N6 throughput and latency per session class with the table loaded. Sessions kept and the loss window per failure type, with the config lines behind every failed case. Emulator statistics, session tables, CPU counters, N3 and N6 captures and the config export of every run are attached. A new release or a new slice gets the same cases again and a diff per KPI. ## Where to start Send us the functions, the subscriber profiles and the dimensioning. We answer with a draft test plan: the items, the bench layout and the dates. The report is yours to keep and to show to the vendor. [Write to us](https://test4net.com/contacts?hsLang=en) or look at [what else the bench does](https://test4net.com/services?hsLang=en). Share Pass it on to someone who runs a network Independent lab data is most useful in the hands of the people who make the call. Send this piece to a colleague. [LinkedIn](https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=https%3A%2F%2Ftest4net.com%2Fblog%2Fhow-we-test-5g-core) [X](https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Ftest4net.com%2Fblog%2Fhow-we-test-5g-core&text=How+we+test+5G+core%3A+registration+storms%2C+UPF+load%2C+restarts) [Telegram](https://t.me/share/url?url=https%3A%2F%2Ftest4net.com%2Fblog%2Fhow-we-test-5g-core&text=How+we+test+5G+core%3A+registration+storms%2C+UPF+load%2C+restarts) [WhatsApp](https://wa.me/?text=How+we+test+5G+core%3A+registration+storms%2C+UPF+load%2C+restarts%20https%3A%2F%2Ftest4net.com%2Fblog%2Fhow-we-test-5g-core) Copy link More apps ![](https://test4net.com/hubfs/IMG_0070.jpg) Written by ### [Alexander Zemskov](https://test4net.com/blog/author/az) Alexander Zemskov leads network and security testing at TEST4NET, an independent, vendor-neutral testing lab in Yerevan, Armenia. With 19+ years in performance and load testing on IXIA, Spirent, Keysight, Xena and Xinertel platforms, he runs NGFW, WAF, IPS, DLP and SASE evaluations for telecom operators, banks and system integrators. [LinkedIn](https://www.linkedin.com/in/azemskov/) [Website](https://test4net.com/?hsLang=en) [Previous article How we test BNG: PPPoE, IPoE and the session storm after a reboot](https://test4net.com/blog/how-we-test-bng-and-broadband-access?hsLang=en) [Next article How we test multicast: join latency, (S,G) scale and RP loss](https://test4net.com/blog/how-we-test-multicast?hsLang=en) In this article On the bench ### Have a device to put through this? Send us the shortlist and the KPIs that decide it. We will come back with a scoped test plan, a timeline and a fixed price. [Talk to a test engineer](https://test4net.com/contacts?hsLang=en) Blog ## Keep reading [![How we measure power under load: watts per Gbps at 4 load steps](https://test4net.com/hs-fs/hubfs/blog-covers/how-we-measure-power-under-load.png?width=880&height=550&name=how-we-measure-power-under-load.png)](https://test4net.com/blog/how-we-measure-power-under-load?hsLang=en) [Standards and methodology](https://test4net.com/blog/tag/standards-and-methodology) ### [How we measure power under load: watts per Gbps at 4 load steps](https://test4net.com/blog/how-we-measure-power-under-load?hsLang=en) The datasheet of a switch, router or firewall gives two power figures: "typical" and "maximum". Neither says at what load, with which optics or at what inlet temperature.… ![](https://test4net.com/hs-fs/hubfs/IMG_0070.jpg?width=22&height=22&name=IMG_0070.jpg) Alexander Zemskov Oct 30, 2026 · 5 min read [![How we test remote-access VPN: 9:00 logins, MFA and failover](https://test4net.com/hs-fs/hubfs/blog-covers/how-we-test-remote-access-vpn.png?width=880&height=550&name=how-we-test-remote-access-vpn.png)](https://test4net.com/blog/how-we-test-remote-access-vpn?hsLang=en) [Security](https://test4net.com/blog/tag/security-performance) ### [How we test remote-access VPN: 9:00 logins, MFA and failover](https://test4net.com/blog/how-we-test-remote-access-vpn?hsLang=en) A VPN concentrator datasheet gives a user count and a throughput figure, both taken separately: thousands of idle tunnels for the first, a few fat ones for the second. A … ![](https://test4net.com/hs-fs/hubfs/IMG_0070.jpg?width=22&height=22&name=IMG_0070.jpg) Alexander Zemskov Oct 30, 2026 · 5 min read [![How we test IPv6 and transition: dual stack, NAT64, 464XLAT](https://test4net.com/hs-fs/hubfs/blog-covers/how-we-test-ipv6-transition.png?width=880&height=550&name=how-we-test-ipv6-transition.png)](https://test4net.com/blog/how-we-test-ipv6-transition?hsLang=en) [Routing and switching](https://test4net.com/blog/tag/routing-and-switching) ### [How we test IPv6 and transition: dual stack, NAT64, 464XLAT](https://test4net.com/blog/how-we-test-ipv6-transition?hsLang=en) A router datasheet shows IPv6 as a tick next to IPv4, with one throughput figure for both. On the bench the two protocols often part ways: at small packets, with an exten… ![](https://test4net.com/hs-fs/hubfs/IMG_0070.jpg?width=22&height=22&name=IMG_0070.jpg) Alexander Zemskov Oct 30, 2026 · 4 min read [![TEST4NET LLC](https://test4net.com/hubfs/test4net-logo-fixed.svg)](https://test4net.com?hsLang=en) Independent testing and validation for telecom, information security and cloud infrastructure – real insights, not assumptions [mailto:sales@test4net.com](mailto:sales@test4net.com) #### Navigate - [Home](https://test4net.com/?hsLang=en) - [Why TEST4NET](https://test4net.com/why-test4net?hsLang=en) - [About us](https://test4net.com/about?hsLang=en) - [Contact](https://test4net.com/contacts?hsLang=en) - [Blog](https://test4net.com/blog?hsLang=en) - [Industry News](https://test4net.com/news?hsLang=en) #### Get in touch Sales [sales@test4net.com](mailto:sales@test4net.com) Support [support.test4net.com](https://support.test4net.com) © 2026 TEST4NET LLC. All rights reserved. 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